I.Pfupiso yeIndasitiri uye Kufambira Mberi Kwetekinoroji
Polyacrylamide (PAM), seimwe yemakemikari anonyanya kukosha ekurapa mvura, yafambira mberi zvikuru mukuvandudza tekinoroji uye mashandisirwo emusika mumakore achangopfuura. Sekureva kwemushumo wekutsvaga kwemusika wazvino, musika wepasi rose wePAM wakasvika mabhiriyoni emadhora $4.58 muna 2023 uye unotarisirwa kukura kusvika mabhiriyoni emadhora $6.23 panosvika 2028, nekukura kwegore negore kwe6.3%. Chikamu chekurapa mvura chinotora anopfuura 65% yekushandiswa kwese, chichishanda sechinosimudzira kukura kweindasitiri.
1. Kubudirira muAnionic Polyacrylamide (APAM)
Muna 2023, timu yekutsvagisa kubva kuYunivhesiti yeSainzi neTekinoroji yeChina yakaburitsa zvakawanikwa zvakakosha mu *Nature Water*, zvichibudirira kugadzira chinhu chitsva cheAPAM chine hunhu hwe "smart response". Ichishandisa tekinoroji yekunyora mamorekuru, chigadzirwa ichi chinogona kugadzirisa otomatiki marongerwo acho emamorekuru zvichibva pamhando dzezvinosvibisa mumvura, zvichivandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwekubvisa maion esimbi ine simbi ne40%, kunyanya yakakodzera kurapwa kwemvura yakasviba mumigodhi. Ruzivo rwemumunda kubva kuchirongwa chekurapa mvura yakasviba yemugodhi wemhangura muJiangxi rwakaratidza kuti chinhu ichi chakawana 99.2% yekubvisa maion emhangura ukuwo chichideredza mari yekurapa ne35%.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, Mitsubishi Chemical yekuJapan yakaunza mhando yeAPAM inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya iyo inochengetedza kushanda kwakasimba pa80-120°C, ichigadzirisa matambudziko ehunyanzvi mukurapa mvura yakasviba yemafuta negasi. Chigadzirwa ichi chakaratidza kushanda kwakanaka muhurongwa hwekuchenesa mvura yemumunda wemafuta weSaudi Aramco, ichikurumidzisa kumhanya kwekugadzirwa kwefloc ne50% uye ichideredza nguva yekugadzika kusvika kuzvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese.
2. Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji muCationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM)
Chikamu chekugadzirisa tsvina chave neshanduko dzinochinja. Pakutanga kwa2024, BASF yekuGermany yakatanga chigadzirwa chitsva cheCPAM chine huremu hwemamorekuru hunopfuura mamiriyoni makumi maviri eDaltons. Kuburikidza netekinoroji yekubatanidza, chigadzirwa ichi chinoumba maumbirwo enetwork akasimba panguva yekubvisa mvura kubva mutsvina, zvichiita kuti hunyoro hwetsvina huve pasi pe58% mushure mekubvisa mvura - kuvandudzwa kwe10 muzana pane zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese. Mushure mekushandisa tekinoroji iyi, Paris Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant yakawedzera kugona kwekurapa tsvina ne30% uku ichideredza kushandiswa kwemakemikari ne15%.
Zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvekuti, kambani itsva yekuNetherlands yakagadzira biosynthetic CPAM ichishandisa tekinoroji yekugadzirisa majini yeCRISPR. Yakagadzirwa kuburikidza ne *E. coli* fermentation yakagadzirwa neinjiniya, maitiro aya anodzivisa zvachose kushandiswa kwe acrylamide monomer, zvichideredza chepfu yezvigadzirwa ne90% uye kuderedza kuburitswa kwecarbon ne65% panguva yekugadzira. Kunyangwe mitengo iripo ichiri ~20% yakakwira kupfuura nzira dzekugadzira makemikari, mikana mikuru yekukwikwidza inotarisirwa kana kugadzirwa kwacho kwasvika panosvika 2026.
3. Kushandiswa Kwakawedzerwa kweNonionic Polyacrylamide (NPAM)
NPAM inoratidza zvakanakira zvakasiyana mukurapa mvura kwakasarudzika. Mukupera kwegore ra2023, Dow Chemical yakaunza nhevedzano yeNPAM inonzwa pH iyo inogadzirisa otomatiki kuwedzera kwecheni yemamorekuru mukati me pH 2-12, ichivandudza kushanda kwe nano-scale suspended solids nekatatu kusvika kashanu. Iyi tekinoroji yakashandiswa zvinobudirira mukugadzirira mvura yakachena kwazvo kuindasitiri ye semiconductor, ichizadzisa mwero wemhando yemvura ye18.2 MΩ·cm.
Vaongorori vekuSouth Korea vakagadzira NPAM inooneka-ine chiedza-inoora nekuunza mayuniti echimiro cheazobenzene. Mapolymer akasara anogona kuora kuita makomponi madiki-molecule mukati memaawa makumi mana nemasere pasi pechiedza chechisikigo, zvichigadzirisa zvachose matambudziko echinyakare ePAM. Iyi tekinoroji yakaedzwa muzvitoro zvemvura yekunwa zvakasarudzwa muSeoul, zvichitarisirwa kutengeswa muna 2025.
II. Maitiro eMusika uye Kufambira Mberi kweDunhu
1. Kuchinja kwemamiriro emusika wepasi rose
Dunhu reAsia-Pacific rave musika wePAM uri kukura nekukurumidza, uchitora 46% yekushandiswa kwepasi rose muna 2023, China ichipa huwandu hwakawanda hwekukura. Data kubva kuChina Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation inoratidza kuti kugadzirwa kwePAM muChina kwakasvika matani 920,000 muna 2023, nekutengeswa kwezvinhu kunze kwenyika kuri kuramba kuri kukura ne15% pagore—kunyanya zvigadzirwa zveCPAM zvepamusoro, uko kuvimba kwezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kuri kusvika 40%.
Musika wekuEurope unoratidza mafambiro akasiyana. Zvichitungamirirwa nemitemo yakasimba yezvakatipoteredza, zvigadzirwa zvePAM zvinoora zvakawedzera mugove wemusika kubva pa8% muna 2020 kusvika pa22% muna 2023. Veolia wekuFrance akazivisa hurongwa hwekutsiva zvizere CPAM yechinyakare nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa pakurima panosvika 2026.
Musika wekuNorth America, uchitungamirwa nekuvandudzwa kwegasi reshale, unoramba uchidiwa zvakanyanya neAPAM. Kutengwa kwePAM kubva kuUS kwakawedzera ne18% muna 2023, ne60% zvichishandiswa pakuchenesa mvura yakasviba nemafuta. Zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvekuti, Mexico yave nzvimbo itsva yekugadzira, ine makambani akawanda epasi rose achigadzira zvigadzirwa zvemuno.
2. Kuchinja kwemitengo uye Kutengeswa kweZvinhu
Kubva muna 2023 kusvika 2024, misika yezvinhu zvePAM yakasangana nekuchinja kukuru. Mitengo yeAcrylamide monomer yakakwira zvakanyanya muQ3 2023 asi yakadzokera padanho rakanaka paQ2 2024 sezvo China yakawedzera kugona kwayo kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva. Zvisinei, mitengo yecationic reagent DMC (methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) yakaramba ichikwira nekuda kwekushaikwa kwepropylene oxide, zvichiwedzera mitengo yekugadzira yeCPAM ne12-15%.
Nezvemaketani ezvekugovera, vatungamiriri vemaindasitiri vakakurumidzisa kubatanidzwa kwemagetsi. Solvay Group yakaisa mari inosvika mamiriyoni mazana matatu emamiriyoni eeuro muchikamu chitsva chekugadzira chakabatanidzwa muBelgium, zvichigonesa kugadzirwa kwakazara kubva kuacrylonitrile kusvika kuzvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira. Izvi zvinotarisirwa kutanga muna 2025, zvichaderedza mitengo yakazara ne20%. Makambani madiki nepakati akatamira kune hunyanzvi—semuenzaniso, Italmatch yeItaly yakatarisana nekugadzira maformula akasarudzika eAPAM ekubvisa munyu mumvura yegungwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-09-2025